前置詞 because, since, as & so

FROM HAPA EIKAIWA

Because(cuz)：話し相手がこれから伝える内容を把握していない新しい情報を与える
I'm running almost everyday because I'm going to run a marathon.
I'm tired cuz I pulled an all-night last night. 徹夜した


since, as, so:相手がこれから伝える内容を把握、示唆できる情報を与える
Since it's raining, the baseball game got cancelled.
It's raining so the baseball game got cancelled.(soはカジュアルな表現）
He asked his boss if he could take the day off as he was feeling sick.
He was feeling sick so he asked his boss if he could take the day off.

ひま

（人）
I'm bored. (I'm boring は私は暇な人の意になりNG）
This movie is boring. I'm bored to death. 死ぬほど暇。


（店）
It was slow day today. It's so slow.
No, It's been quiet taday. The cafe was quiet.


（社）
I'm available untill three. 15時までは時間があります。


（会）
A:Are you free this weekend?
B:I don't have any plans for the weekend.
A:Me neither. Why don't we hang out toghther.


A:What will you do tonight?
B:Well, I have no plan.


A:Do you have any plans for tomorrow?
B:No, I'm free tomorrow. Why?
A:I'm gonna go see a movie. Do you wanna come?


（他）
I'm too busy. I have no time.
I have nothing to do.
I've got nothing to do.

Why don't you 〜

（勧誘）

Why don't you come and play baseball with us.  play chess/play monopoly


（類似表現）
Do you want to go and get some pizza?
We could go see a movie.
You can come watch the game here.


※注意点

①Why don't you go see a movie?

②Why don't we go see a movie?

③Why don't you come see a movie?

映画に誘っている表現だが①は貴方が1人で映画に行ったら？という意味になり、
一般会話ではrudeになるのでWhy don't you goの表現は避けたほうが無難だ。

Have you thought about what to get for the kids?

Christmas is coming soon.
Have you thought about what to get for the kids?
Well, Mika is asking for a cheerleading jacket. But it's quite expensive.
How much is it?
About fifty thousand yen. Getting it is a little unfair to Yukichi and Mai.
Don't you think?
Mmm, I know. Maybe you can buy the jacket.
But when you give it to her, tell her that she won't get a birthday present this year.
Oh, that's a great idea. Especially since her birthday is soon.












ask  v,尋ねる、依頼する、求める
a little unfair  少し不公平
since  前置詞　...からずっと　接続詞：...だから
 ※becauseのような直接的な因果関係を示さない 参考ページ

応援

root for...「ルｰﾄゥ」v,応援する
Which team are you footing for?   Who are you rooting for?

So how do we root for each other, when we do this sport?
Everyone in the stadium was rooting for the home team.

cheer「チア」v,大きな声で応援する(声援する）
The sound of chhring crowds could be heard outside the theater.

I was going to / I was supposed to

FROM HAPA EIKAIWA

◎「～する予定だった」
●I was going to go for run last night but it rained.
意思通りにならなかった。どうしようもない。天候には勝てない。
ランニングする意思はあったができなかった。

●I was supposed to go for run last night but I got to get up early tomorrow morning.
約束や義務が果たせなかった。はっきりと理由がある。

◎「～する予定じゃないの？」
Weren't you supposed to go on a business trip today?
Weren't you supposed to turn in your essay today?  （turn in:～を提出する　essay:作文、小論文）

◎「be supposed to」
●be supposed to～　「規則や期待を示す」
規則）
You are supposed to wear a suit to the event.
We are supposed to get 20 days of paid vacation a year.
You are not supposed to smoke here.
期待）
It's supposed to rain tomorrow.


●was supposed to～ 「（過去形）～する予定だったがしなかった」〔前出〕
I was supposed to go Christmas shopping yesterday but I watched a movie instead.
I was suposed to get a haircut today but I rescheduled it to tomorrow.


●be supposed to be～　「一般的に信じられていることを示す」
Christmas is supposed to be spent with family.
This book is supposed to be life-changing. 人生を変えるような本

I had an interview with Yukichi. And he sure was worried about his future plans.
sure, adv確かに  副詞は一般的にbe動詞、助動詞の後。動詞の前にくる。。。
I was wondering if there was something we can do to help him.
I wonder if より  I was wonderingのほうが丁寧
What if we take him somewhere interesting. Maybe that would give him some ideas.
Like where? Let's see. He likes video games, robots. Oh, he is really getting into astromy.
astronomy「ｱｽトﾉﾐｰ」n,天文学
I know. I'll ask Dad if we can show him the research lab in Tukuba.
lab「ラァﾌﾞ」n,研究室　ask 人 if... 人に...かどうか聞く
That's a great idea, Doug. I think he'd love the chance to go. What do you think, Mr. Takagi?
Awesome! I can't think a better plan.
Who had an interview with Yukichi? Mr. Takagi.
What is Yukichi getting into?
He is really getting into astronomy.
I showed him a picture.
I showed a picture to him.
How do we improve our English? Show me the ropes?
the ropes n,コツ　　rope「ロゥﾌﾟ」n,ロープ


22 Nov 2016
We are supposed to meet him near the information desk.
Mmm. Let's look at the floor map.
Here is the information desk.
We have to go upstairs, make a left turn and go to the end of corridor.
Doug, over here.
Hi, dad.
Welcome to Jinnan aerospace.
Here is our control center.
Wow, so many people are working.
This way, everyone. I want to show you a cutting edge monitoring system.
Yukichi, push that green button.
Is that?
It's Jupiter. I see Saturn and its rings.
What are you studying Mr. Tagagi?
We are trying to figure out how to get to space craft to reach those planets.
Wow.
●supposed to...   be supposed to...   be supposed to be...   ...することになっている
●corridor「コｰﾘﾄﾞｳｱ」n,廊下
●control center　コントロールセンター、制御室
●cutting edge「カﾃｲﾝｸﾞ　エッﾁﾞ」最前線,最先端の
●monitoring system 監視システム、モニタリングシステム
●Jupiter「ジュﾍﾟﾀｱ」n,木星
●Saturn「サァﾀァﾝ」n,土星
●space craft, space ship, space vehicle　宇宙船
Where do they suppose to meet with Alex?
Where are they supposed to meet with Alex?
Near the information desk.
Where do they go first after meeting Alex?
Control center.
Here is the information desk.
We have to go upstairs, make a left turn and go to the end of corridor.
make a left turn=turn left
Over here.　ここです
Over there.
This way. こちらへ This way, please.
That way. あちらへ
Out there. 世の中の
Many people out there are still looking for a job.
in here.
There is a rest room in here. ここにトイレがあります
She was standing over there. 彼女が向こうにたっています
out here.
It's cold out here. 外は冷えます
up there.
We live up there in the mountains. あの山の中に住んでいます

飛行機

STUDY FROM NHK ENGLISH
No legroom. 脚が伸ばせない
My seat won't recline. シートがリクラインしない　willは意志
That's because you're seated in the last row of the cabin.
be seated　座る はしばしば受身で使われる
row「ゥロｳ」n,列、ならび、行
Could we change seats? 席を変えてもいいですか？
May I change to another seat? 他の席に変えていいですか？
Can I change to that seat? あの席に変えていいですか？
Could you change my seat? 席を変えてもらえますか？
Not now. We are expecting strong turbulence.
expect v,予期する、期待する
Whoa!　It's getting bumpy.
bumpy adj, 凸凹の、浮き沈みの激しい
Buckle up! シートベルトを締めて！
buckle「バ　ｸﾙ」　v,締める　n,留め金具、バックル
Your attention, please.
Due to severe weather our flight has been diverted to Tucson.
severe「ｾヴィｱ」n,厳しい、過酷な
divert「ﾃﾞィヴァ－ﾄ」方向転換する
due to　～のため　due:adj
Tucson「ﾄゥーｿﾝ」アリゾナ州の都市
So much for our vacation plans.
so much for...　　so:それくらいの　much:量　それくらい⇒～はそんなところ、所詮それくらい
so much for love　愛なんてそんなもん
so much for that あんなもん、そんなもん
so much for that idea. やっぱりそのｱｲﾃﾞｲｱはだめだったよね
Tucson should be fun.
Whatever!  どーだか、どうでもいいね　この意味の場合は「whatever」が高音声


Stranded in Tucson
(get) stranded in... 　...で足止めを食らう　strand「ｽﾄラァﾝﾄﾞ」v,立ち往生させる　stranded adj
When is the next available flight to Phoenix?  available「ｱヴェﾗﾎﾞﾙ」adj,使用できる
All frights are grouned indefinitely.
be grounded（飛行機が）地上待機中である　ground v,地上におく
indefinitely「ｲﾝデﾌｨﾆｯﾄﾘィ」adv,無期限に
Do you offer compensation for non-refundable hotel bookings?
offer compensation for...　...の補償を行なう　compensation「ｺﾝﾍﾟﾝセイｼｮﾝ」n,補償
non-refundable hotel booking 返金付加のホテル予約
refundable「ﾘファﾝﾀﾞﾌﾞﾙ」adj,返済できる、払戻しの利く
We aren't responsible for weather delays. 　responsible「ﾚｽポﾝｼﾌﾞﾙ」adj,責任のある
Your Airline could at least put us up in a hotel.　
お宅の航空会社は少なくとも我々をホテルに泊めることはできますよね？
put...up   ...を泊める
Would you like to speak to the manager?
speak toは talk to より改まった感じ
Come on, Harvey! Let's explore Tucson.

got

Who (do you think) is the greatest actor in the world (ever)?
It's got to be..... 「（口語）...に決まってるよ/...に違いない」
It must to be.../It has to be.../It's got to be...(It has got to be...)
I'd say it's
I think it might be

work out/workout/exercise

Do you do any exercise?
Did you have a good workout yesterday?  workout：名詞
From NHK English
Do you go to a gym?/Do you belong to a gym?/Are you going to a gym?
I signed up for the kick boxing club.
Do you work out often? 一般の人にはwork out：workは動詞
Do you train often?　アスリートにはtrain
Let's work out together.
Just don't get hurt.ケガをしないでね　hurt:「ハｰﾄ」v,ケガをする n,ケガ
Please don't get hurtでもよいがjustのほうがソフト　pleaseはあつかましさがでる
Did you hurt your hand?
My back is better./My back gets better./My back feels better.
I hope you'll feel better. I hope you get well soon. get well soonはお見舞い、メール等で
Do you play tennis often? oftenは文中でもよいが最後が伝わりやすい
Do you often play tennis?
I'm looking for a water fountain. 水のみ場を探しています
water fountain水のみ場　fountain「ファｳﾝﾃｲﾝ」n,泉、水源
Do you like to lift weights?  lift weights:ｳｴｲﾄﾄﾚｰﾆﾝｸﾞをする
I usually lift weights, then swim. Usually I lift.
I lost a little weight. I lost a little bit weight.
I have to get in shape. 身体の調子を整えなくては need to/got to/gotta
That hurts. That doesn't hurt. Does that hurt?　けが

◎be sore(筋肉痛)

I'm a little sore.　すこし筋肉痛です。　sore「ソｱ」adj,痛い
I have a sore throat. throat「ｽロｳﾄ」n,のど

I'll stretch later.
I'll just watch for now. for now:とりあえず、いまのところ
Good gym, isn't it?　Good pool, isn't it?
Yeah, It's a little crowed today, though. 少し混んでいるけど　thoght:～だけど。。
Yeah, I like the skylight.　skylight:天窓
Oh, hi there. Hi there. How have you been? Good, and you? Good thanks.
So how's everything? Are you feeling good?
Yeah, but I gained some weight.
I wonder if it is easier to eat less, or exercise more.















Well, see you around the gym. See you around the gym. Bye-bye. Bye-bye
What is your favorite way to stay in shape.
Walking. I go for a walk twice a day.
When I was younger, I played badminton and rugby.
Those are good old days. Good old days:懐かしい

JAPAN'S DEFENSE BUDGET FOR FY 2017 LIKELY TO HIT RECORD Y5.1 TRIL
Japan's defense budget in fiscal 2017 could hit a record high of around 5.1 trillion yen ($44.64 billion), a government source said Thursday, as the country seeks to cope with security challenges amid China's maritime assertiveness and North Korea's missile threats.
defense「ﾃﾞｨフェﾝｽ」n.ﾃﾞｨﾌｪﾝｽ
FY:fiscal year, fiscal「フィｽｶﾙ」adj 会計の, in fiscal 2017；2017会計年度で
TRIL:trillion「トリｵﾝ」n, adj 兆,　兆の

A Violent Prosecutor/Korea
prosecutor「ﾌﾟロｾｷｭｰﾀァ」n,検事

Newcastle

Newcastle(Northen England)

taste

spicy(strong taste)
hot(spicy hot)
hot(hot)
vinegar   a vinegared dish
salty








名詞
pepperコショウ（不可算）　black pepper, white pepper
pepperトウガラシ（可算）　green pepper ピーマン、シシトウガラシ,　 sweet pepperアマトウガラシ
gravyグレイビー、グレイビーソース、肉汁

I'm sure／I'm not sure

A high degree of conviction
degree「ディｸﾞﾘｰ」n,程度、学位　conviction「ｺﾝヴィｸｼｮﾝ」n,確信
I'm absolutely sure I filled them in.
I'm a hundred percent sure I did.
A moderate degree of conviction
moderate「ﾏｰﾀﾞﾚｯﾄ(米）　ﾓｰﾀﾞﾚｯﾄ（英）」adj, 中くらいの、適度の
I'm pretty sure I ordered them.
I'm fairly sure I said it was today.
fairly「フェｱﾘｲ」adv,公平に、正しく
A low degree of conviction
I'm not really sure. I'll have to check.
I'm not so sure I told her.
****************************************
A: I just had a call from HR. They were wondering if you’d sent the training reports.
(had sent: 過去完了)  HR:human resources 人事部
resource「リｿｰｽ」「ﾘソーｽ」 n,源、資源  natural resources 天然資源
B: Yeah, I sent them by courier on Tuesday morning.
They should be there by now.　今ごろ小包はそこに届いているよ。

courier「カｳﾘｱｰ」「クｳﾘｱｰ」n,小包
should be there そこにいるべき、そこにあるべき   by now 今ごろは
A: Ther haven't received them yet. Are you sure?
B: I'm pretty sure. Let me check if I have the receipt. Wait a minute.
I might have sent them to the Accounting department by mistake.
receipt 「ﾚスィ-ﾄ」n,レシート

****************************************
I'm pretty sure I emailed to my colleague.

質問2・質問返し

Let me know what you think about that John?

US

Evertone is talking about Donald Trump, even boys and girls. This election is truly surprising. That was the only topic of whole TV news. Stevie Wonder said, vorting for Trump is like asking me to drive.
truly 「ﾄゥルーﾘィ」adv, 本当に、まったく、実に
whole 「ホォーゥﾙ」adj, 全ての

UK

British voter chose to leave the European Union, but everything is still unclear.
voter 「ヴォｳﾀァ」n, 投票者、有権者、選挙人
choose-chose-chose  choose「ﾁｭーｳｽﾞ」v,選ぶ　chose「チョーｳｽﾞ」

the one

the one まさに
That's the one near the river. あれだ！川の近くの
（That's the school near the river. あれが学校よ。川の近くの。)
He is the one! He is the man I saw. 彼よ！彼が私が見た男よ。
（He is the man I saw. 彼が私が見た男よ。）

I'm off to Bangkok. 休みでバンコックに行きます
What a perfect day for a picnic ! Yes, we're really lucky.

感想

感想
That sounds great!  That sounds fun!  Sounds interesting!　
I'm jealous. I bet it's tough to do that.

It features...

...を呼び物にしている/...が特徴です
feature 「フィーﾁｬァ」　v,...を呼び物にする/...が特徴です　n, 特徴、要点・顔つき
It features open air-cafe and great coffee.

も熟語

もうすぐ
Summer vacation is coming soon.
Spring is just around the corner.

human relations

economy

物価
名詞）the price/prices/recent years/
動詞）go up/rise/increase
Prices are going up.The price of oil is going up. The oil price is going up again.
Food prices are rising in recent years. Vegetable prices are rising these days.

名詞-ｒ

ranger 「ﾚエｲﾝｼﾞｬァ」　隊員、管理者
park ranger 公園管理者
※日本語でもレインジャーと言う

定冠詞"the"

He plays the guitar. ギターがobjectなのでtheをつける
He plays music. 音楽はobjectでないのでtheをつけない

I think...(..., I think.)

①I think....(事実fact)　I guess/I suppose/I imagine(事実ではないnot fact)
※I think等を文末につけると柔らかい印象を与える FROM NOVA fall 7
A: Any ideas what I should get for my nephew?
B: How old is he again?
A: Going on seven, I think.
B: What kinds of things is he into?
A: I'm not sure. Cars and spaceships, I imagine.
B: How about getting him a radio-controlled car?
②be going on+数字はある人がほぼその年令であることを言う around this age
A: He must be going on 70.　He is going on 40, I think.
B: I don't think she would be interested in a music player.
※wouldを使うことで推測、仮定している
She likes cats.(fact)/She'd like a cat.(imagining)
I don't think she is interested in a music player.
※普通文なのである程度言い切っている
B: He could do with a sweater, I suppose.
③could do with/can do withは何かを持つことによってプラスになるという意味で使う
※might need/might like
She could do with a new bag.
The one she's using now has a big hole in it.

な-動詞

懐かしく思う　miss/miss ～ing　
You will miss having birthday parties, when you grow up.
I miss having birthday parties.
You will miss cooking real Japanese food in your country.
 Japanese food（料理全般は数えられない名詞で単数形を使う）
 British food, etc
I miss you.

慣れていない not used to　　to:前置詞（不定詞ではない）  ※From EIGO with Luke
I'm not used to eating natto. 納豆の味に慣れていない（まだ）
I was not used to eating natto.
I was not used to the taste of natto.
慣れる　get used to
I'm getting used to eating natto.　納豆の味に慣れてきた（徐々に）
I was getting used to eating natto.
I was getting used to the taste of natto.
I got used to eating natto.　納豆の味に慣れた（もう）
I got used to the taste of natto.
慣れている　be used to
Now, I'm used to eating natto.　納豆の味に慣れている（普通に食べている）
Now, I'm used to the taste of natto.　　
****************************************
I'm used to the Tokyo Underground.  東京の地下鉄に慣れている
I'm used to taking the Tokyo Underground. 東京の地下鉄に乗るのに慣れている
****************************************
※参考 used to  (前にbeが無い場合）　～するのが常だった、よく～したものだ
I used to ride horses. 昔よく馬に乗った
I'm used to riding horses. 馬に乗るのに慣れている
****************************************
It takes getting used to. それは慣れが必要です。　to：前置詞（不定詞では無い）
The daily routine takes a lot of getting used to. 日課は慣れが沢山必要です。

め-名詞

免疫力、免疫ｼｽﾃﾑ immune system 「ｲﾐｭｰﾝ ｼィｽﾃﾑ」
system that fight against disease and infection
After a long distance running, my immune system is going down.
長距離のランニングの後は免疫力が低下している

k

kind：adj親切な　n:種類
It's kind of heavy. ちょっと重いよ
What kind of birthday gifts did you want when you were teenager(teen)?
ティーンのころどんな種類の誕生日ギフトが欲しかった？

な疑問

なんだろう
What could it be? それは何だろう。
I wonder what it could be. それはなんだろう。
I wonder what could be in this box. この箱には一体なにが入っているのだろう。
what:主語

きっかけをつくる（知人・見知らぬ人）

at Cafe
一般文They serve great coffee here.⇒Great coffee they serve here.⇒会話文Great coffee, here.
一般文We had a good lesson today.⇒Good lesson we had today.⇒会話文Good lesson, today.
一般文They cook good pasta⇒⇒会話文Good pasta there.
一般文This place has good coffee.⇒⇒会話文Good coffee, here
Lovely price this!/good taste/gelato/atmosphere
at school
That was a good lesson.⇒⇒Good lesson that was.
Good lesson he gave.
Others
How's your work?⇒How's work?  yourと言わないことでアバウトな質問（きっかけ程度）
一般文That was an interesting show.⇒Interesting show that was.⇒会話文Interesting show that.
Do you work/live around here?

Do you shop here often?

Do you come here often?
Do you fly often?
Nice suit! you are wearing.

When did you start working here?
You look so happy today, Jack. What's up?
一般文This is a great painting.⇒Great painting this is. ⇒会話文Great painting, this.
Train
Where are you going today?
SPORTS
Do you play any sports?
Do you exercise often?

冠詞・所有格代名詞

名詞の前に冠詞a(an)をつける意識ができたらa(an)かtheかmy(who)のどれか考慮
Can I get my e-book reader back?
Do you have an e-book reder?
I need the e-book reder.
You need some books.
Do you have any idea?
定冠詞：the
不定冠詞：a(an), some, any
所有格代名詞：my/your/his/her/its/Mike's/our/your/their

PC＆INET

電子ブックビューア
e-book reader

あ動詞-1

謝る
I'll apologize to your girl friend.

受身こ

壊された
It has been damaged.
My baggage has been damaged, what should I do?

ほ動詞-1

欲しい
I want something sweets.　S+V+O+O　sweets:n 甘いもの（複数形）

ほ定型-1

ほめる
I'm sure you will succeed.
I hope you'll make it.

What have you done with it?

What have you done with it? それどういうこと？
doneに強くアクセントをおく　（What have you done to it?)
**********************************************
A: Can I get my pen back(to me)?   back:adv 戻す
B: Well, but there's a small problem. It's kind of gone.
A: What have you done with it?/What have you done to it?
B: I left it on my desk at work.
**********************************************
A:Can I have my jacket back to me?
B:Well, but there's a small problem. It's sort of badly damaged.
A:What have you done with it?
B: I took it camping, the wind blew it onto the camp fire.  blow:v風が吹く
キャンプで風が吹いてキャンプファイヤーの火にかかっちゃたんだ。
onto:動きが伴ないそれが何かの上で止まるイメージ
into:動きが伴ないそれがその中に入るイメージ
**********************************************
gone/badly damaged/difficult to return/broken/ruined/vanished
ruined「ﾙｰｲﾝﾄﾞ」adj: destroyed or severely damaged   severely「ｻｳﾞィｱﾘィ」adv：ひどく
vanished「ｳﾞｧﾆｯｼｭ-ed」adj: to disapper suddenly
**********************************************
dropped it in a lake/spilled coffee on it/caught on fire/hit a tree
spill-spilled(spillt)-spilled(spillt)  spill「ｽﾋﾟﾙ」v: こぼす
**********************************************
Did you call lost and found yet?　
My girl friend gave it to me.
My kids took it to somewhere. 子どもたちがそれをどこかへ持っていった。　

副詞（頻度）

always
almost always
usually/normally/generally
very often/frequently
often
sometimes
once in a while
occasionally
rarely/seldom
almost never/hardly ever/scarcely ever 　scarcely「ｽｹｱｽﾘィ」=hardly
never

so...that...

...so...that S+notV=...too...to 　※...so...that...のthatは省略可
I love it so much that I used it for years.　それをとても気に入ったので何年も使った。
The pain was so bad that I couldn't sleep.　痛みが凄くて寝られなかった。
It's been so long that I can't even remember.　あまりに以前の事で覚えていない。
The pressure was so great that he had to give up his job.　プレッシャーが大きすぎて仕事をやめざるを得なかった。
It worked so well that I decided to make a company.　それはとても上手くいったので会社をつくることにした。
I was so busy that I couldn't take your call.　忙しすぎて電話に出られなかった。
I was warking so hard that I didn't notice.　ハードに働いたので気が付かなかった。

こ

殺す
assassination 暗殺 「ｱ ｻｯｼﾈｲｼｮﾝ」

祝う

celebrate
We celebrate certain ages for example, there is a ceremony when we turn 20 and become an adult.
We also celebrate, when a person turn 60 or 70 years old.
certain age:ある年齢
I don't celebrate as often as people do.
Nobody comes here as often as he does.
as often as: 多くは、何回も　※頻繁にfrequently, quite often
We celebrate anniversary/memorial day/birthday/year/day/life.
25th anniversary/30 years of marriage/Mother's day
We celebrate the life of him.

This is what

This is what I wanted. これ欲しかったんだ。
This is what I wanted to do. これがしたかったんだ。
This is what I came up with. これが私が思いついたことです。
This is what happend. これが起こったことです。
This is what he had to say. これが彼が言うべきことです。
This is what you need to do. これがあなたがすべきことです。
This is what you're looking for. これがあなたが探していたものです。
Is that what you want? それが欲しいものですか？

変だな　That is ～
That's strange.　奇妙
That's weird. 気味が悪い
That's mysterious. 不思議な
That's odd. ちょっと変わった
That's bizarre. 突飛な  「ﾋﾞｻﾞァｰ」

雨

雨に降られた　be caught in the rain/be caught a shower
I was caught in a shower on my way home.  家に帰る途中で雨に降られた。
On my way home, I was caught in a shower.

It's going to rain. 雨になるでしょう

比較

Comparisons
基本
She is more cheerful than anyone else.
It was more difficult than usual.
It was a bit warmer than usual.
More people are using tablets than computers.
限定用法・叙述用法とはっきりと区別はできない
He is the best actor in the world.彼は世界で一番の俳優だ
He is a best actor in the world.彼は世界で一番の俳優の一人だ。
He is one of the best actors in the world.彼は世界で一番の俳優の一人だ。
どれも正解で、中・下段の方が断定（限定）しない婉曲（大人）な表現といえる
限定用法の例（theを付ける　他の比べて一番　形容詞＋名詞）
She is the most cheerful girl I've ever met.
叙述用法の例(theを付けない　同一の中で比べて一番　形容詞の後に名詞無し）
It's quietest on Wednesday mornings.
It's best to see it early in the morning.
（時間やロケーションにはtheをつけない。その時によって異なり限定できない）
superlatives without "the"

city 都市
suburb「ｻﾊﾞｰﾌﾞ」　郊外　I live in the suburb.      in the suburbs
exurb「ｴｸﾞｻﾞｰﾌﾞ」　suburbより郊外  in the exurbs

組織

general affairs 庶務・総務 General Affairs Department/Division/Section

人の気質

welcoming people　喜んで人を迎える

Going to the movies

Let's go see the movie. (go seeはgo and seeの略)
Speaking of watching movies at the theater in Japan, Do you feel anything about differences epecially people's reaction, any rules or price. My preconception(image) about people in your country tend to react loudly and drink Pepsi inside the theater.

な

仲間
Count  me in! 仲間に入れてよ！
長屋　row house/town house(North American English), tettaced house(British English)
row列、行、並び
The old row house is just a memory. They live in a low house in neighborhood.
名前　given name/first name
What a cute nick name!  Don is easy to pronounce(remember).

は

場所
outskirts of town 町外れ、町外
outskirts of city 市の外れ、市外
I live in the outskirts of Yokohama city.

せ

正確に言うと。。to be exact
It's 11:04, to be exact.　11時4分です、正確に言えば。
接着剤　glue/superglue
a very strong glue that sticks very quickly and is used in small quantities for repairing things
superglue on my finger
専攻する　major in（North American English) related to somebody's main subject of study in college
I majored in Japanese literature. He is majoring in Architecture.
洗剤（食器洗用）　dish soap
先入観　preconcetion
We have the same preconception about life in Africa that many people have.

steep

adjective 発音『米スティープ』「英スティプ」　steep-steeper-steepest
①<of a slope, hill> rising or falling quickly, not gradually

a steep hill/slope/bank堤防

a steep climb/descent/ascent/drop

a steep flight of stairs急な階段  flight飛行、ひと続きの(階段)
The path grew steeper as we climbed higher. 高くなると道は急になった.
path小道・コース　grow～になる

②<of a rise or fall in an amount> sudden and very big

a steep decline in the barth rate   decline丁寧に断る、下落する

a steep rise in unemployment

③<informai: of a price or demand> too much, unreasonable

$5 for a cup of coffee seems a little steep to me.

He wants to move in here with us? That's a bit steep!

carry

carry 身につけて運ぶ　 verb　発音『米キャリー』「英カリー」  carried, carrying
①<take with you>carry something/somebody
I carried a Mikoshi. 神輿を担いだ
He was carrying a suitcase.
She carried her baby in her arms.
The injured were carried away on stretchers. けが人たち（The injuredは複数）はストレッチャー（担架）で運ばれた。
We carried him on a stretcher.
a train carrying commuters to work
Police in many countries carry guns.
I never carry much money on me.
②<of pipes/wires>
a pipeline carrying oil
The veins carry blood to the heart. 静脈は心臓に血を運ぶ

飛行機

The Malaysia Airline Plane plunged into the ocean at high speed.

燃費

fuel-economy

レジ

register レジ
The register is over there.
Let's ask at the rebister.


cashier レジ係りの人（発音：キャシア）
I'll ask the cashier.


I'll ask someone.
I'll call someone.
Someone at the ticket gate can help you.
I can't find anyone. 否定文ではanyoneを使う

help

Do you need some help?

Where is the tain bound for?     bound(adj)

Liverpool

Liverpool(Northen England)

The CAVERN CLUB, a night club in Liverpool, England. It's famous as the place where the Beatles first performed in the eary 1960s.

The original Cavern Club entrance in 1963.

Liverpool Cathedral is the work of Sir Gilbert Scott, who also gave us the red telephone box and the Southwark Power Station in London, now the Tate Modern.

Bankside Power Station, about 1985, before conversion to the Tate Modern

The Red Telephone Box

Scott's 1910 redesign, with central tower

How the STATES Got Their NAMES

Maryland was named after Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles Ⅰof England, who granted the right to establish an English colony there.

Work hard | Play hard | Party hard

Don't sit so close to the TV. It's going to get worse.
You shouldn't listen to music that loud. It's going to damage your ears.
It's going to be bigger.
If you don't get enough sleep, It's going to burn you out. You're going to burn out.
If you drink so much soda, you are going to get a cavity.
itchy.....If you don't stop scratching, it's going to be rash.

Corals

Corals サンゴ礁
colorful corals | underwater garden | animals | not plants |
Corals are made up of many small animals called polyps.

burn

/bɜːn/　/bɜːrn/

★ to produce flames and heat

burn out | burn somebody out | burn myself out 燃え尽きる
to become extremely tired or sick by working too hard over a period of time
If he doesn't stop working so hard, he'll burn himself out.
By the age of 25 she was completely burned out and retired from the sport.

Tickets

Do you think we can get tickets to the Wimbledon?
They are difficult tickets to get hold of. Let me see if we can book the tickets online.
Can I have two tickets to the Men's final for Wimbledon, please?
I'm so sorry but we only have one ticket left for that game.
There is nothing else we can do.
Should we try to buy the tickets from a ticket tout? (ticket tout:ダフ屋）
I don't really want to do that. Maybe we can see what they have available and negotiate the price.

I'm thinking about getting some new shoes.
Those pairs you bought last year are already worn-out. (worn out:ボロボロ）

ふ

ファストフード店（米）
For here or to go？　店員がお客に聞く　店内hereまたは持ち帰りto go(take outの事）
Fo here　ここで食べます
To go　持ち帰ります　※take away（英）持ち帰り
coffee to go（I'd like to have coffee to go)コーヒーを持ち帰りで
店）Anything else?　他には？　客）That's it！　以上です
店）Would you like to have a box? 食べきれないのを箱に入れて持ち帰りますか？
客）Yes, please. No thank you.
客）I'd like to take this out. これを持ち帰りたいのですか（箱もらえます？）
風洞（風洞実験）
wind tunnel
wind tunnel simulation/testing
古・お古・おさがり
It's a hand-me-down clothes from my elder brother.

Tennis

I enjoy playing tennis onece a week at the indoor club. but I'm poor at tennis.
I wanna level up to become more powerful. It's break-through.


court
a grass-covered tennis court
hard court(全米・全豪）
grass court / lawn court（全英）
en-tout-cas court / all weather court(全仏）
omni court
clay court


the Grand Slam（全英・全米・全仏・全豪）


Kei Nishikori
He have finally managed to break through Novak Djokovic.

drinking too much

We often see
On friday night at the station, we meet a man drinking out of desperation.

my house

I come home by 6 o'clock.
I don't watch TV after 9pm.

質問

How do you say this word? この単語は何て言うの？
I think that's a good idea.






Who wants to try first?

Nature

We must protect the wonders of the sea,(wonders:奇跡）to make a better world for you and me.
We must stop polluting the ocean blue.
When we make a mess, we can't dump it in the sea.

help

help+動詞（原型不定詞）
I help you do the dishes.
We have to help save the oceans.
(I help you to do the dishes←間違いではないが原型不定詞が主流のようだ)

I can help you finish it.

Daily life

What should or shouldn't you do for the environment?
Put good deeds in(into) motion.(ちょっとした良い行ないをしよう）


You shouldn't(can't) leave the lights on.
Also, you have to sort the garbage.
You can't litter here.
Some people are using a biodegradable bag.
You shouldn't throw that paper bag away like that. Don't worry, It's biodegradable.
Let's keep this for recycling.
This bag is ecologically friendly.

Camp Rules

You're a camp counselor. Tell the campers the rules.
This is our island. It's really beautiful, so help us protect it. You have to....

割り箸

disposable chopsticks

I was taking a walk in the wood nearby.

I took(went for) an excursion to (into:普段と違う事をする時）an ordinary mountain. It's called....
I explored this mountain along a small narrow stream till upstream with children.
We looked for crawfishes. but they were not there.
We enjoyed having a lunch box at mountain peak that is just about 200 meters high.
And also I aim to make family ties strong. Especially, the ties of brotherhood.

long holiday season

Winter Sports

This season is all the better for sking with family.
lift tickets at a discount price and not crowded and so on.
今時は家族でスキーするにはにかえってよい季節だ。

as a father

Let me introduce myself just for a minute.
My name is....
I have three kids. I enjoy beeing a dad. But I worry about my children future.


My view is always different from my wife. She say to children, "Do this, Don't do that"
things like that. She is chasing up children all the time.


isolated


I'm an ordinary lonely middleaged.


short-tempered
blazu up
She goes to pieces every once a week.

born

be born
I was born in the U.S.A.
I was born in 1968.
I was born in a city in southern Tokyo.
I was born with a weak heart.
I wasn't born into a welthy family.
I was born to/of Japanese parents.
He was born blind.






idioms
be born to be
I was born to be a carpenter, not carpenters, because my father and grand father was. But I'm not.
My jog is that         related to a arpenter 

Japanese employee(Japanese salary-man)

overwork death
death from overwork
One of Japanese company even constructed a public tomb in Kyoto for thier employees who wish to be buried with thier colleagues.
tomb 「ﾄゥｰﾑ」n.墓　　bury「ﾍﾞェﾘィ」v.埋葬する　

Playing Sports in School Days

I played baseball in school days
Japanese high school baseball, comparable to American colleage football, is very popular.
The nation-wide tounament takes place (is held) twice a year.
When it comes to baseball, I played in school days. I belonged to the baseball team at junior-high.
Long long time ago, when I was a junior-high student, the beaseball was the most populor sports in Japan. Student players without exception including me had to get a haircut with buzz cut.
It was so rigid here at that time in Japan. Then, there were a lot of strict hierarchy in school sports team.




How about you? Did you play any sports?





buzz cut

WOMEN

on the train
I sometimes see women who are wearing make up on the train.

席、テーブル

Ask: Can we share this table? Is this seat taken?
someone's sitting here. someone's sitting here, I think.
my friend is sitting here. Sorry about that. That's OK. Never mind. Im gonna sit overthere.
May I sit here?
Is it OK if I sit here?

family

I will take my kids zoo this weekend.

advice

Make sure  (that)......

Daily Life

I've overslept.

Did I miss anything?

印象

She is bright.

She has long black hair.

strange or weired foods

offal

escargot dish

frog

金額

The rent is not so high.

リラックス

I relaxed on the beach.

A hot bath should(推量) help to relax you.

料理

What's your specialty?

Are you good at cooking?

local specialties.

け

けが
I think it's such a minor injury.けが(軽傷)  a serious injury(重傷)
建設中
(now) being built/（now) being constructed
The house is now being built. 家は今、建築中です。

回りくどい

Generaly, I think Western people, English-speaking people, come straight to the point.

(get to the point)

I mean they tend to say the conclusion first followed by

言い訳

What a terrible excuse!

Don't make excuses!

Stop making excuses for him!

会話（気分・状態）

I'm hectic.


(I'm)Sore. 筋肉痛
I'm pretty sore today.
My legs are sore.
I'm sore from playing tennis last night.
（筋肉が）つる
(have/get) a cramp
Hold on. I have a cramp in my leg.
I think my legs are cramping.
I have a cramp( in my stomach). I shouldn't have eaten that hamburger before I ran




I have a pain in my back./legs/
筋肉痛というよりも身体の部位を具体的にあげる言い方が自然

違い（区別がつかない・区別していない）

I don't make a distinction between a kindergarten and a nursery school.保育園と幼稚園の違いがよくわからないな。　I personally think both are the same.　個人的には一緒だと思うよ。


Toyota and Nissan
I can make a distinction between BMW and VW. But I can't between Toyoda and Nissan.


express trains  and limited express
a driver's license and a international driver's license

たとえる

Which food do you compare that to? それはたとえるならどんな食べ物？
We compare that to Nato. たとえるなら納豆みたいだよ。


Which movie do you compare that to?
I think we compare that movie to STING.

I always overeat like a dog

Polite Expressions

I'd like to know…
I'd like to know how much it costs a month.　　a, anは日常会話的
I'd like to know how much it costs per month. 　perは商業的要素がある
>>>It costs 10 dollars per lesson.


Could you tell me if…
Could you tell me if you accept credit cards?




What would you like to know?

focus on "OVEREAT"

Dogs sometimes overeat but cats don't.

I always overeat like a dog. Especially "buffet parties" and "all-you-can-eat restaurants".

A friend of mine, when we were young, threw up after the meal. It was a memorable day.

I like watching TV program of "Eating Contest" such as a hotdogs contest. Ridiculous!

focus on "PETS"

In your next life, Which do you choose between a dog and a cat?

I think cats aren't (as) friendly as dogs. Also cats don't eat (as) much as dogs either.

related words

"sea"

seashore 海岸に沿った陸地 " a rocky seashore"岩場の海岸

seaside 海岸に沿った土地　"a seaside resort hotel"

beach 浜辺 "on the beach" "a private beach" "a beach house"海の家

bay 湾・入り江　"Tokyo Bay" "a hidden bay"

coast 沿岸地方　"the east coast"

embankment 堤防　"build the sea embankment" 海岸堤防

"music"

music score 楽譜 "Can you read a music score?" "Can you write a music score?"

music sheet(s) 白紙の五線譜

sheet music 楽譜本

music scale(s) 音階

key 音の調子（高低）

perfect pitch / absolute pitch 絶対音感　"Do you have perfect pitch?"

 

単数複数

Water freezes at 0 degrees celsius.
Water doesn't freeze at 1 degree celsius.


zero hour(0時）
zero hours(ゼロ時間）


That tree has no leaves.
There was no room for me to sleep.


There is no flour.
There are no flowers.
There are no pens.

ちょうど

I was just about to say that. ちょうど今、言おうとしていたところです

There's...There's no...There isn't any...

肯定文
There is a telephone.単数（可算名詞）
There is some water.単数（不可算名詞）
There are some books.複数


否定分
There isn't a telephone.単数（可算名詞）
There is no telephone.


There isn't any money. 単数(不可算）赤部を強く発音
There is no money.


There are no pens.複数
There aren't any pens.




疑問文(1)
Is there a heater? 単数（可算）
Is there any water?単数（不可算）
Are there any guide books?複数






疑問文(2)
Where is the heater?単数（可算）
Where is the water?単数（不可算）
Where are the guide books?複数


There is no coffee./No. I was just about to make some.
There aren't any meetings tomorrow./No. Everyone's out on-site.

しょうがない・仕方ない

It's nobody's fault.
It can't be helped.

経験

When I was young, I was doing a lot of different part-time jobs as trial job to gain practical experience and got an idea about where to work in the future.

帰り道

I'm way on my home.
It's on the way home from my office.

できない

できなかった
I was going to cook chicken curry, but I couldn't. There was no chicken nor curry roux in the fridge.

All this talk of food makes me hungry.

動名詞

I finished cleaning my room.
He hasn't finished writing his article yet.
Did you enjoy traveling in Italy?

seem

You seem to be a bit down today.

down

You seem to be a bit down today.

forget

I completely forgot about your coming over as I've been so busy these days.

Be careful not to hit the barrier.

前向き

前向き
think positive  (v+adj アメリカ的な表現）＝optimistic
think positively (v+adv 本来の文型（英））
I've always tried to think positive about evrything. 常に前向きに考えようと努めている
毎週・毎年（行事）
We have it evry week on Friday. それは毎週金曜日にある
We have it on Frodays. それは毎週金曜日にある
当然、前者のほうが伝わりやすい
We have it evry year in October.

一般的な話

警告・注意・助言
When you travel abroad, it's safer if you leave your valuable in the hotel safe.
                                                       if you don't carry a lot of cash.
                                                       if you take a taxi at night.

用語2

You can let go off the railing. 手すりから手を離せばいいよ。
let go 手を離す
They've opened outdoor skating rink. 屋外スケートリンクがオープンした。（theyは漠然とした主語）

用語

go swimming 水泳に行く
go ice skating アイススケートに行く
skating rink スケートリンク
beginner 初心者
adrenalin activities「アドレナリン」（造）アドレナリンアクティビティ　バンジージャンプ等

一般会話

What's the national sports in India?
How did you lean to skate?
I've never been ice skating before. （goneではなくbeenを使う）
I guess if you never try, you never learn.
Nice day, isn't it? Yes, it's a warm autumn day, perfect for sports.
So how do you say this sport in Japanese?
It's a gate ball. We hit a ball through little gates.

数字

unicycle
bicycle
tricycle

難しい

It's quite difficult.
It's not so difficult.

簡単・易しい

It's really(pretty) easy.

わからない

I don't know how to put this together.
I'm not really sure.

祝日

coming of age day

学ぶ

I taught myself.
I learned by myself.

I was shown ~

I was shown by somebody. 見た（誰かがしているのを見た）
I was shown the phote by my friend. 見せられた
I was shown into the parlour.(living room)　通された
I was shown around  that castle. 案内された
I was shown the way to the restaurant by passing me.  教えられた




I was shown the door 退出するように言われた


It was shown to the public on April 7.

~してあげる

I'll teach you.(explain, how)
I'll show you.(demonstrate)
I'll do it for you.(just do)
I'll get it for you.
I'll take you.


Let me show you.
Let me do it for you.