Could

推量
I could be wrong.　私は間違っているかもしれない。
　couldは過去形ではなく 推量のcould=現在の事を話している
I could have been wrong.   私は間違っていたかもしれない。
　推量のcould+have+過去分詞で過去の事を話している

仮定法
I could go to Japan if I had a holiday.
　休暇があれば日本に行けるのに。（実際には休暇がない)
　couldは過去形ではなく 推量のcould=現在の事を話している
I could have gone to Japan if I had had a holiday.
   もし休暇があったなら、日本に行くことができたのに。（実際には休暇がなかった）

仮定法

仮定法（1.仮定法過去・2.仮定法過去完了・3.願望）
1.仮定法過去
If I had more money, I could travel to the United States.
　もしもっとお金があったら、アメリカに旅行ができるのに。
　'現在の事実に反対の仮定’をするのを'仮定法過去’という
　現在時の仮定だが、事実に反する仮定のため過去形を使用
2.仮定法過去完了
If I had had more money, I could have traveled to the United States.
   もしもっとお金を持っていたら、アメリカに旅行に行くことができたのに。
　'過去の事実に反対の仮定’をするのを'仮定法過去完了’という
3.願望　wish/if only
I wish I could speak English.
　英語が喋れたらなあ。(実際には話せない)
If only I could speak English.
　英語さえ話せればよいのだか。（実際には話せない）
　'現時点で実現できていない願望'を表すときにも仮定法が使われる。

単数複数

Water freezes at 0 degrees celsius.
Water doesn't freeze at 1 degree celsius.


zero hour(0時）
zero hours(ゼロ時間）


That tree has no leaves.
There was no room for me to sleep.


There is no flour.
There are no flowers.
There are no pens.

There's...There's no...There isn't any...

肯定文
There is a telephone.単数（可算名詞）
There is some water.単数（不可算名詞）
There are some books.複数


否定分
There isn't a telephone.単数（可算名詞）
There is no telephone.


There isn't any money. 単数(不可算）赤部を強く発音
There is no money.


There are no pens.複数
There aren't any pens.




疑問文(1)
Is there a heater? 単数（可算）
Is there any water?単数（不可算）
Are there any guide books?複数






疑問文(2)
Where is the heater?単数（可算）
Where is the water?単数（不可算）
Where are the guide books?複数


There is no coffee./No. I was just about to make some.
There aren't any meetings tomorrow./No. Everyone's out on-site.

動名詞

I finished cleaning my room.
He hasn't finished writing his article yet.
Did you enjoy traveling in Italy?

so...that

I've been so busy recently that I haven't had enough exercise.
I've been so busy that my friends might think I 've left town.
The grass is so tall that the neighbors might think I've broken a leg.

付加疑問文

It's not gonna be a short trip, is it?